Ngaphambi kuka-1900, abesifazane babechitha amahora amaningi emini bezithungela bona nemikhaya yabo ngezandla.Abesifazane baphinde bakha izisebenzi eziningi ezazithunga izingubo ezimbonini futhi zithunga izindwangu ezigayweni.Ukusungulwa nokwanda komshini wokuthunga kwakhulula abesifazane kulo msebenzi, kwakhulula izisebenzi emafektri angaholi kahle amahora amaningi, futhi kwakhiqiza izinhlobonhlobo zezingubo ezingabizi kakhulu.Umshini wokuthunga wezimboni wenze uhla lwemikhiqizo lube nokwenzeka futhi luthengeke.Imishini yokuthunga yasekhaya nephathwayo yabuye yethula abathungi abayizimfundamakhwela ukuba bajabulele ukuthunga njengomsebenzi wezandla.

Amaphayona ekwakhiweni komshini wokuthunga ayesebenza kanzima ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili eNgilandi, eFrance nase-United States.Umenzi wekhabethe wamaNgisi uThomas Saint uthole ilungelo lobunikazi lokuqala lomshini wokuthunga ngo-1790. Isikhumba kanye neseyili kwakungathungwa yilo mshini osindayo, owawusebenzisa inaliti enenotshi kanye ne-awl ukwenza umthungo weketanga.Njengemishini eminingi yokuqala, yayikopisha ukunyakaza kokuthunga ngesandla.Ngo-1807, i-innovation ebalulekile yagunyazwa uWilliam no-Edward Chapman eNgilandi.Umshini wabo wokuthunga wawusebenzisa inaliti enehlo endaweni yenaliti esikhundleni esiphezulu.

E-France, umshini ka-Barthelémy Thimmonier onelungelo lobunikazi ngo-1830 wadala isiphithiphithi.Umthungi waseFrance, uThimmonier wakha umshini ohlanganisa indwangu ngokuthunga iketango ngenaliti egobile.Ifektri yakhe yakhiqiza umfaniswano weButho LaseFrance futhi yayinemishini engu-80 emsebenzini ngo-1841. Isixuku sabasiki bengqephu abaxoshwa yifektri savuka umbhejazane, sacekela phansi imishini, futhi sacishe sambulala uThimonier.

Ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, u-Walter Hunt wenza umshini onenaliti ekhombe ngeso eyakha umthungo okhiyiwe onentambo yesibili ukusuka ngaphansi.Umshini kaHunt, owaklanywa ngo-1834, awuzange ube nelungelo lobunikazi.U-Elias Howe, ohlonishwa njengomsunguli womshini wokuthunga, waklama futhi wagunyaza indalo yakhe ngo-1846. U-Howe wayeqashwe esitolo semishini e-Boston futhi wayezama ukondla umndeni wakhe.Umngane wamsiza ngokwezimali ngenkathi ethuthukisa ikhono lakhe lokusungula, eliphinde lakhiqiza umthungo wokukhiya ngokusebenzisa inaliti ecijile nebhobhini ethwala umucu wesibili.UHowe wazama ukumaketha umshini wakhe eNgilandi, kodwa, ngenkathi ephesheya kwezilwandle, abanye bakopisha ukwakhiwa kwakhe.Lapho ebuya ngo-1849, waphinde wasekelwa ngokwezimali ngenkathi emangalela ezinye izinkampani ngokuphulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi.Ngo-1854, wayesewine amasudi, ngaleyo ndlela wasungula nomshini wokuthunga njengethuluzi eliyingqopha-mlando ekuthuthukisweni komthetho welungelo lobunikazi.

Oyinhloko phakathi kwezimbangi zikaHowe kwakungu-Isaac M. Singer, umsunguli, umlingisi, kanye nomakhenikha owalungisa idizayini embi eyakhiwa abanye futhi wazitholela eyakhe ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1851. Umklamo wakhe wawubonisa ingalo elengayo eyayibeka inaliti phezu kwetafula eliyisicaba ukuze indwangu zingasetshenzwa ngaphansi kwebha kunoma iyiphi indlela.Amalungelo obunikazi amaningi ezici ezihlukahlukene zemishini yokuthunga ayekhishwe ekuqaleni kwawo-1850 kangangokuthi “ichibi lelungelo lobunikazi” lasungulwa abakhiqizi abane ukuze amalungelo obunikazi ahlanganisiwe athengwe.U-Howe uhlomule kulokhu ngokuzuza ama-royalty kumalungelo akhe obunikazi;Umculi, ngokubambisana no-Edward Clark, bahlanganisa izinto eziqanjiwe ezinhle kakhulu ezihlanganisiwe futhi waba umkhiqizi omkhulu wemishini yokuthunga emhlabeni ngo-1860. Imiyalo emikhulu yemifaniswano yeMpi Yombango yadala isidingo esikhulu semishini ngawo-1860, kanye nephuli yobunikazi. kwenza u-Howe noSinger baba ngabasunguli bezigidi bokuqala emhlabeni.

Ukuthuthukiswa komshini wokuthunga kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngawo-1850.U-Allen B. Wilson, umenzi wekhabethe waseMelika, uklame izici ezimbili ezibalulekile, i-rotary hook shuttle kanye nokuphakelayo okunyakazayo okune (phezulu, phansi, emuva, naphambili) kwendwangu ngomshini.Umculi washintsha ubuciko bakhe kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1875 futhi wathola amanye amalungelo obunikazi amaningi okuthuthukisa kanye nezici ezintsha.Njengoba u-Howe eshintsha umhlaba welungelo lobunikazi, u-Singer wenze intuthuko enkulu ekuthengiseni.Ngezinhlelo zokuthenga izitolimende, isikweletu, isevisi yokulungisa, kanye nenqubomgomo yokuhwebelana, uSinger wethula umshini wokuthunga emizini eminingi futhi wasungula izindlela zokuthengisa ezamukelwa abathengisi abavela kwezinye izimboni.

Umshini wokuthunga washintsha ubuso bemboni ngokudala insimu entsha yezingubo ezilungele ukugqoka.Ukuthuthukiswa kwemboni yokhaphethi, ukuhlanganisa izincwadi, ukuhweba ngebhuthi nezicathulo, ukwakhiwa kwehosiery, kanye nokwakhiwa kwefenisha kanye nokwenza ifenisha kuphindaphindwe ngokusetshenziswa komshini wokuthunga wezimboni.Imishini yezimboni yasebenzisa inaliti yokujikajika noma i-zigzag stitch ngaphambi kuka-1900, nakuba kwathatha iminyaka eminingi ukuthi lo mthungo uguqulelwe kumshini wasekhaya.Imishini yokuthunga kagesi yethulwa okokuqala nguSinger ngo-1889. Imishini kagesi yesimanje isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bekhompiyutha ukuze yenze ama-buttonholes, ukufekethisa, imithungo eguqubele, ukuthunga okungaboni, kanye nenqwaba yezitishi zokuhlobisa.

Umshini wezimboni

Imishini yokuthunga yezimboni idinga insimbi ekhonjiwe kumafreyimu ayo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi zokufakwa kwazo.Insimbi, ithusi, kanye nenani lama-alloys kuyadingeka ukwenza izingxenye ezikhethekile ezihlala isikhathi eside ngokwanele amahora amaningi okusetshenziswa ezimweni zasefekthri.Abanye abakhiqizi baphonsa, umshini, namathuluzi izingxenye zabo zensimbi;kodwa abathengisi baphinde banikeze lezi zingxenye kanye nezakhi zomoya, zikagesi, ne-electronic.

Umshini wokuthunga wasekhaya

Ngokungafani nomshini wezimboni, umshini wokuthunga wasekhaya waziswa ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo, ukuguquguquka, nokuphatheka kwawo.Izindlu ezingasindi zibalulekile, futhi imishini eminingi yasendlini inamagobolondo enziwe ngamapulasitiki namapholima alula, abunjwa kalula, ahlanzeke kalula, futhi amelana nokuqhekeka nokuqhekeka.Uhlaka lomshini wasekhaya lwenziwe nge-aluminiyamu ebunjiwe ngomjovo, futhi ukuze kucatshangelwe isisindo.Ezinye izinsimbi, njengethusi, i-chrome, ne-nickel zisetshenziselwa ukucwenga izingxenye ezithile.

Umshini wasekhaya nawo udinga injini kagesi, izinhlobonhlobo zezingxenye zensimbi ezenziwe ngokunemba okuhlanganisa amagiya okuphakelayo, izindlela zamakhamera, izingwegwe, izinaliti, kanye nebha yenaliti, izinyawo zokucindezela, kanye ne-drive shaft enkulu.Amabhobhoni angenziwa ngensimbi noma ngepulasitiki kodwa kufanele abunjwe ngendlela efanele ukuze ondle umucu wesibili ngendlela efanele.Amabhodi esekethe nawo ayadingeka aqondene ngqo nezilawuli eziyinhloko zomshini, ukukhetha kwephethini nokuthunga, kanye nohlu lwezinye izici.Amamotho, izingxenye zensimbi ezenziwe ngomshini, namabhodi esekethe angahlinzekwa ngabathengisi noma enziwe abakhiqizi.

Umshini wezimboni

Ngemuva kwemoto, umshini wokuthunga ungumshini owenziwe ngokunembe kakhulu emhlabeni.Imishini yokuthunga yasezimbonini mikhulu futhi isindayo kunemishini yasekhaya futhi iklanyelwe ukwenza umsebenzi owodwa kuphela.Abakhiqizi bezingubo, isibonelo, basebenzisa uchungechunge lwemishini enemisebenzi ehlukile, ngokulandelana, yakha ingubo ephelile.Imishini yezimboni ijwayele ukusebenzisa iketango noma i-zigzag stitch esikhundleni sokuthunga isikhiya, kodwa imishini ingase ifakwe imicu eyisishiyagalolunye ukuze ibe namandla.

Abenzi bemishini yezimboni bangase banikeze umshini osebenza owodwa ezinkampanini zezingubo ezingamakhulu amaningana emhlabeni wonke.Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola inkundla efekthri yekhasimende kuyisici esibalulekile ekwakhiweni.Ukwakha umshini omusha noma ukwenza izinguquko kumodeli yamanje, amakhasimende ayahlolwa, umncintiswano uyahlolwa, futhi kuhlonzwe uhlobo lwentuthuko efiselekayo (njengemishini esheshayo noma ethule).Imiklamo iyadwetshwa, futhi i-prototype iyenziwa futhi ihlolwe embonini yekhasimende.Uma i-prototype igculisa, isigaba sobunjiniyela bokukhiqiza sithatha idizayini yokuxhumanisa ukubekezelelana kwezingxenye, ukuhlonza izingxenye ezizokhiqizwa endlini kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo, ukuthola izingxenye ezizohlinzekwa abathengisi, futhi kuthenge lezo zingxenye.Amathuluzi okukhiqiza, izinto zokubamba zolayini wokuhlanganisa, izinsiza zokuphepha zomshini kanye nolayini wokuhlanganisa, nezinye izici zenqubo yokukhiqiza nazo kufanele zenziwe kanye nomshini ngokwawo.

Uma umklamo usuqedile futhi zonke izingxenye zitholakala, ukuqaliswa kokukhiqiza kokuqala kuhlelwa.Indawo yokuqala eyenziwe ihlolwe ngokucophelela.Ngokuvamile, izinguquko zibonakala, umklamo ubuyiselwa ekuthuthukisweni, futhi inqubo iphindaphindiwe kuze kube yilapho umkhiqizo usunelisekile.Ingxenye yokuhlola yemishini eyi-10 noma engu-20 ibe isikhishelwa ikhasimende ukuze liyisebenzise ekukhiqizeni izinyanga ezintathu kuya kweziyisithupha.Ukuhlola okunjalo kwenkambu kufakazela idivayisi ngaphansi kwezimo zangempela, ngemva kwalokho ukukhiqizwa kwesikali esikhulu kungaqala.

Umshini wokuthunga wasekhaya

Ukwakhiwa komshini wasekhaya kuqala ekhaya.Amaqembu agxile kubathengi afunda kumapayipi endle izinhlobo zezici ezintsha ezifiseleka kakhulu.Umnyango wocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa (i-R&D) womkhiqizi usebenza, ngokubambisana nomnyango wokumaketha, ukuze uthuthukise imininingwane yomshini omusha osuke uklanywe njengesibonelo.Isoftware yokukhiqiza umshini iyathuthukiswa, futhi amamodeli asebenzayo enziwa futhi ahlolwe ngabasebenzisi.Ngaleso sikhathi, onjiniyela be-R&D bahlola amamodeli asebenzayo ukuze aqine futhi bathole indlela yokuphila ewusizo.Elabhorethri yokuthunga, ikhwalithi yokuthunga ihlolwa ngokunembile, futhi okunye ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo.

Ikhadi lokuhweba lango-1899 lemishini yokuthunga yeSinger.

(Kusuka emaqoqweni e-Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village.)

U-Isaac Merritt Singer akazange asungule umshini wokuthunga.Wayengeyena ngisho umakhenikha oyingcweti, kodwa engumlingisi ngokomsebenzi.Ngabe iliphi igalelo likaSinger elidale ukuthi igama lakhe lifane nemishini yokuthunga?

Ubuhlakani bomculi basemkhankasweni wakhe wokumaketha onamandla, owawuqondiswe kwabesifazane kusukela ekuqaleni futhi uhlose ukulwa nesimo sengqondo sokuthi abesifazane babengasebenzisi futhi abakwazi ukusebenzisa imishini.Ngenkathi u-Singer ethula imishini yakhe yokuqala yokuthunga yasekhaya ngo-1856, wabhekana nokuphikiswa yimindeni yaseMelika ngenxa yezizathu zezimali nezengqondo.Empeleni kwakunguzakwethu webhizinisi likaSinger, u-Edward Clark, owasungula “uhlelo lokuqasha/lokuthenga” olusha ukuze anciphise ukungabaza kwasekuqaleni ngenxa yezizathu zezimali.Lolu hlelo lwavumela imindeni eyayingakwazi ukukhokhela utshalomali luka-$125 lomshini omusha wokuthunga (isilinganiso semali yomndeni esivamile sasilingana no-$500 kuphela) ukuthi ithenge umshini ngokukhokha izitolimende zamadola amathathu kuya kwamahlanu ngenyanga.

Izithiyo ezingokwengqondo zabonakala kunzima kakhulu ukuzinqoba.Imishini yokonga abasebenzi ekhaya yayiwumqondo omusha ngeminyaka yawo-1850.Kungani abesifazane bengayidinga le mishini?Babezokwenzenjani ngesikhathi esisindisiwe?Ingabe umsebenzi awenziwanga ngezandla zekhwalithi engcono?Ingabe imishini yayingeyona intela emiqondweni nasemizimbeni yabesifazane, futhi ingabe yayingahlobene kakhulu nomsebenzi womuntu kanye nomhlaba womuntu ngaphandle kwekhaya?Umculi ngokungakhathali wakha amasu okulwa nalezi zimo zengqondo, okuhlanganisa nokukhangisa ngokuqondile kwabesifazane.Wakha amagumbi ombukiso kanokusho alingisa amaholo asekhaya amahle;waqasha abesifazane ukuthi babonise futhi bafundise ukusebenza kwemishini;futhi wasebenzisa ukukhangisa ukuze achaze ukuthi isikhathi sabesifazane esikhulisiwe samahhala singabonakala kanjani njengobuhle obuhle.

UDonna R. Braden

Lapho umshini omusha ugunyazwa ukukhiqizwa, onjiniyela bomkhiqizo bathuthukisa izindlela zokukhiqiza zokukhiqiza izingxenye zomshini.Baphinde bahlonze izinto zokusetshenziswa ezidingekayo kanye nezingxenye okufanele zi-odwe emithonjeni yangaphandle.Izingxenye ezenziwe efekthri zifakwa ekukhiqizeni ngokushesha nje lapho izinto zokwakha kanye nezinhlelo sezitholakala.

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